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That would be true if you are pending asylum and have not yet become a permanent resident.  However, as a perment resident, it is less likely to create a direct problem, particularly if the trip is short and based on reasonable exigencies.  The indirect problem created by a permanent resident returning to a country they claimed would persecute them if they returned is whether the underlying asylum application was fraudulent.  This could be raised upon the resident's return, or later during a naturalization proceeding.  I just represented a client in naturalization proceedings who had returned as a permanent resident to his home country because his wife and children were still there.  The naturalization officer did not question the matter.  Nonetheless, I would recommend avoiding such travel if at all possible until becoming a US citizen.

The citizen can certainly file the visa petition for the sibling in Germany and it would normally be approved. The "bar" issues arise when the quota number is reached many years from now.

He needs to wait five years to apply for citizenship. In addition, if you are married to a resident, you can be denied entry as a tourist even though you have a visa.